Makkah’s first permanent houses were built around the Ka’bah and did not have doors as an indication to pilgrims that they were welcome to make themselves at home among a people who considered themselves privileged to host them—the living epitome of the Arab greeting ‘ahlan wa sahlan.’ [1]
Even in the pre-Islamic era, the people of Makkah were well aware of their duties towards the Ka`bah and its pilgrims and their favored position as neighbors of the Ancient House.
The chiefs of Makkah, the Quraysh, distributed the duties of providing protection, food, and water to pilgrims within their clans to prevent infighting and ensure the peace and security required to enable pilgrims to come to Makkah every year.
Banu Shayba’ held the keys to the Ka`bah, while the right to supply pilgrims with water was with Banu Hashim Ibn `Abd Manaf.
This was no easy task, as it involved drawing water from the wells around Makkah, loading it onto camels, and filling leather cisterns and earthenware vessels in Al-Masjid al-Haraam.
Qusayy Ibn Kilab was the first to assume the right to provide food for pilgrims with contributions from the nobles of the Quraysh, saying:
“O men of Quraysh, you are neighbors of Allah’s House, the people of His House, and the people of the Sanctuary; and in this season come to you Allah’s visitors, the pilgrims to His House.
They are the guests of Ar-Rahmaan, and no guests have a claim on your generosity like His guests.
So, provide them with food and drink in the seasons of Hajj so that they may talk of your generosity.” [2]
Thus, although the people of pre-Islamic times were hospitable and showed their famed generosity to pilgrims, their motive was often worldly gain: increasing trade and boosting their reputation.
Later, Banu Nawfal and Banu Hashim took on the task of providing food for the pilgrims.
The Prophet’s grandfather, Abd Al-Muttalib, took on the responsibility of providing food and water to the pilgrims, at a time when Makkah was facing a drought during the Hajj season.
’Abd Al-Muttalib saw a dream that led him to rediscover the well of Zamzam with his son Al-Harith, which made it easy to provide pilgrims with water, which is the source of water in Al-Masjid al-Haraam until today.
The flow of pilgrims to Makkah increased considerably after Islam, and its residential areas continued to grow.
It was common for pilgrims from all over the Muslim world to go for Hajj and settle in Makkah.
These newcomers, called mujaawiroon (neighbors),built their houses on slopes and hilltops due to a shortage of land in the valley and the problem of seasonal flooding in those days.
Makkan houses had their own character, distinguished by their open spaces, compact floor plans, and latticework windows.
The height of their buildings did not exceed two stories. [3]
Over centuries, travelers described them as: “built of black, smooth stones and also of white stones, but the upper parts are of teakwood and are several stories high, whitewashed and clean.” [4]
In the 12th century, Andalusian geographer Ibn Jubayr commented on the flat roofs of Makkah’s houses:
“We passed the nights on the roof of the place where we stayed, and sometimes the cold of the night air would fall on us and [we] would need a blanket to protect us from it.” [5]
Joseph Pitts, an English convert who performed the pilgrimage in about 1684, wrote in an account of Makkah:
“The inhabitants, especially men, do usually sleep on the tops of houses for the air or in the street before their doors…As for my part, I usually lay open, without any bed covering, on the top of the house…”[6]
Traditional houses in Makkah today continue to serve the pilgrims’ needs just like in pre-modern times.
As Makkah had no hotels in the past, many Makkans provided accommodations for pilgrims during the Hajj season, renting out a room, a floor, or even an entire house.
When building a house, Makkans generally thought in terms of a bi-functional structure, serving as both home and lodging for pilgrims. [7]
The earliest projects to renovate and expand Al-Masjid al-Haraam to accommodate more pilgrims began during the time of ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, when Makkah was hit by a major flood that damaged the Ka’bah and the Maqam of Ibrahim (the Station of Ibrahim).
This spurred ‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, to acquire land and houses adjoining the area to accommodate pilgrims, and he added doors and lamps to its buildings.
‘Uthmaan ibn ‘Affaan, may Allah be pleased with him, expanded the area further by buying some of the houses surrounding the mosque and demolishing them to increase the area of Al-Masjid Al-Ḥaraam.
‘Abdullaah ibn Az-Zubayr, may Allah be pleased with them both, rebuilt the Ka‘bah according to its original dimensions after it caught fire after being hit by a catapult.
He increased the height of the Ka‘bah by 10 cubits and made an entrance and an exit at floor level, which corresponded to the description given by the Prophet(peace be upon him).
Muslim rulers over the years took care to honor the Ka‘bah and its pilgrims.
During the Caliphate of ‘Abd Al-Malik ibn Marwaan and other Umayyad caliphs, workers were appointed to work in the masjid and serve pilgrims.
The Abbasid Caliph Abu Ja‘far Al-Mansoor expanded the mosque, tiled its floors with marble, built a wall around the Zamzam well to protect people from falling in it, and added another arcade to the mosque.
In the period of Al-Mahdi, the houses between the Ka‘bah and the Mas‘a (the area where pilgrims perform Sa’y) were demolished to connect the Ka’bah and the Mas’a, expanding the area of the mosque.
His successor, Al-Waathiq, added copper lantern posts to ease performing Tawaaf at night.
Pilgrims would gather in the capital cities of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq to go to Makkah in groups and caravans comprising tens of thousands of pilgrims. [8]
The responsibility of providing state patronage for organizing such pilgrimage caravans was given to commanders known as Umara’ al-Hajj, who were in charge of protecting the pilgrims and securing funds and supplies for the journey. [9]
Haaroon Ar-Rasheed, the Caliph who was said to fight in Allah’s cause one year and perform Hajj the next alternately, was a great patron of scholars and erected a shade for scholars on the roof of Al-Masjid al-Haraam.
His wife, Zubaydah bint Ja’far, had a 900-mile road constructed from Koofah to Makkah called Darb Zubaydah (Zubaydah’s Road) in 780 C.E., which was one of the earliest routes created specifically for pilgrims.
Being particularly concerned about poorer pilgrims who traveled on foot, she added nine new rest stations at convenient intervals between existing stations, for a total of fifty-four rest stops.
All the new stations included a pool, some kind of shelter, and sometimes even a small mosque.[10]
Having witnessed the plight of poor pilgrims who had to pay a dirham for a small bottle of water, she had a series of wells and channels dug along the Hajj route from Wadi Nu’man to Makkah.
These wells, called ‘Ayn Zubaydah, were built at an estimated cost of 54 million dirhams, parts of which can be seen even today.
Ibn Jubayr, who traveled from Andalusia to Makkah, recorded:
“The pilgrims poured out the water they had and took of this good water, rejoicing at its abundance.
The people took joy in swimming and bathing in it and washing their garments. It was for them a day of rest upon the journey, a gift bestowed by God.” [11]
In 1324 C.E., a devout Muslim ruler from Mali called Mansa Musa set out on his first Hajj to Makkah with a hundred camels, each laden with 300 pounds of gold, food, and clothing, and accompanied by 60,000 people, including officials, soldiers, doctors, teachers, and storytellers. [12]
They made their way from the capital Niani to Timbuktu, across the Sahara Desert and Cairo, before reaching Arabia, where it is said people lined the streets to catch a glimpse of him and his elaborate entourage.
Upon completing his pilgrimage, Mansa Musa gave away money and gold to the residents of both Makkah and Cairo, so much so that its value in the Middle East dropped drastically!
Another historic Hajj journey was that of Sikandar Begum, ruler of a princely state called Bhopal in India, who reached Jeddah on January 23, 1864, being the first ever ruler from the Indian subcontinent to perform Hajj.
She maintained a detailed diary describing everything she saw—the seven-story houses in Jeddah, the marketplace, and even the taste of the town’s “brackish water”.
Her journey from Jeddah to Makkah could have ended disastrously, as the Begum’s reputation as a rich, generous ruler had preceded her, “coupled with her regrettable habit of throwing currency notes from her carriage…”[13]
She was among the first rulers to acquire land in Makkah and Madinah and build rubbats(lodgings) that she bequeathed as charitable endowments for the benefit of pilgrims from her state, which are still in use today.
The rulers of other princely states in India, such as Hyderabad, Arcot, and Tonk, followed suit.
Today, with nearly 3 million pilgrims to provide for, the logistics of organizing Hajj are mind-boggling and extend beyond food, water, shelter, and a safe route to 24-hour health services, shopping malls, plush hotels, e-services, and personalized apps.
What’s worth remembering is that even if the means by which we serve pilgrims are different, the spirit must remain the same: aiming at pleasing Allah by making the path of His servants easy; not seeking commercial gains or personal profit.
As the prophetic narration goes:
“Actions are but intentions, and every man will have only what he intended.” [14]
[1]In the past, people traveled by land over long stretches of inhospitable terrain, often faced by hostile people.
The Arab greeting ‘ahlan wa sahlan’ means: “You are among hospitable people (i.e., people that are almost like family to you and are treading smooth and flat terrain”.
Often, people add the words: “wa marhaban” derived from the Arabic root word rahuba, which means being spacious and wide, as opposed to feeling straitened.
[2] Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, Martin Lings
[3] Homes of Old Makkah, Nihal Uluengin, Bülent Uluengin.
[4] Shams al-Din Abu ‘Abd Allah al-Muqaddisi
[5] Journeys of Faith, Roads of Civilization, David W. Tschanz
[6] Journeys of Faith, Roads of Civilization, David W. Tschanz
[7] Homes of Old Makkah, Nihal Uluengin, Bülent Uluengin.
[8] The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places, F. E Peters
[9] The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places, F. E Peters
[10] Voyages of World History, Valerie Hansen, Ken Curtis
[11] Rihla, Ibn Jubayr
[12] Mansa Musa: Ruler of Ancient Mali, Peggy Pancella
[13] The Begums of Bhopal, Shaharyar M. Khan
[14] Sahîh al-Bukhârî and Sahîh Muslim
SOURCE: https://aboutislam.net/family-life/culture/hajj-hospitality-ages/
